Cultural Studies

This article loaded in Journal Texere vol. II SYAWAL 1424 H/December 2003 M with title “Cultural Studies; Space Contest’s Post structuralisms”. This article is deliverer article for solution Cultural Studies, petunia ramped

 

Cultural Studies?

Some times last this, cultural study become interesting phenomenon to be peeped at, this thing is because cultural study then becomes one of approach is important as effort to comprehend various changes is being happened. As an investigation building, it is of course this study has formation building differentiating it with other study discipline.

Since its (the blow this phenomenon in year 1960-an, especially after forming of The Birmingham Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies ( build in the year 1964)(1), a kind of this study’s then in developing in various world clefts assorted variant, as according to requirement as well as result of input from recent theory’s. In consequence also, hence this study by Grossberg called as it as a study method which interdisciplinary, pass by quickly-, Trans anti-discipline.

In characterless such a hence this study becomes rather complicated for in fahami, this term refers to some things at the same time. According To Melani Budianta, based on some introductory books and culture study anthology can be taken some covering understandings; Firstly, culture study is a genealogist or history of genesis tracing the cultures theory from Mathew Arnold until the theory postmodern. Second, Cultural study referred to multifarious contemporary culture study with different theory and approach, and last, Third, Culture study is a number of connotes about agenda and orientation a group of scientist which is not is studied in coherent and explicit.

Third this understanding then becomes reference for Melani Budianta to limit domain doing this study, that assorted studying culture study processed, expression and form of culture as modern public product, thus related tightly with social dimension, economic and politics. So, becomes thing happy this study coming science region would, technology, psychology, apathy again sociology and anthropology.

Meanwhile, Amaradani (2) tells that cultural studies focused x’self at relation between social relationships with meanings. Cultural studies tries looks for explanation of culture difference and practice of culture is not by referring endless and intrinsic values ( how good?), but by referring all social relationship map ( indium whose interest?).

Reasoning Of Development Cultural Studies

Actually, cultural study in simple understanding as study making culture as it’s (the study object in stall, have been done by a number of cultural critics like Michael Rogin and Walter Ben Michaels, although without using culture study lable (cultural studies). Then after forming of The Birmingham Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies, this study experiences terrorization by - as sorted by Stuart about thing Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams, EP. Thompson, and the theory structuralize/pos structuralize as basis the study theory, especially in English.

Meanwhile Cornel West mentions names like Thorstein Veblen, WE. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and TO. Matthiesen as peletak foundation of theory for American culture study. Temporary for Australian, Graeme Turner notes contribution Russel Ward, Paul Willis, and John Docker. From third of this region (English, United States and Australian), then peeps out different sect in having flower hereinafter.

And last, may not fall into oblivion development that is typical also cultural study known as India sect (Asian is South) that terrorization by Leela Ghandi, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Homi K. Bhaba. India sect study (Asian is South) this grows through? Via Subaltern Studies Group (3) what managed by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Side that is Asian disbar and African admits of we to call name of Frantz Fanon, and Edward W. Said, though this names, most of life is not at third world state becoming terrorization bases which they do.

Then if seriously in pays attention to, will seen that this culture study is reaction of intellectual circle to development of culture pop which initially arises as result of as result of the happening of industrialization and urbanization as runs from Revolution Industry in English. But it’s (the reason has not as simple as this, because in the end there are friction of cultural study in looking at culture pop.

Mathew Arnold, Leavis and Mazhab Frankfurt assumes that culture pop as result from industrialization of industrialization mass culture, hence cultural study today looks into culture pop as positive expression ” rank and file” to stay. This friction happened caused by basic change at map is this contemporary era culture study background. At least there are three conditions noted by Melani Budianta that is; firstly, condition of psychological social. The cyan social humaniora feels x’self doesn’t mean by success of intelektual /saints in high level capitalist public. So they (intellectual of humanist) feels need would a new paradigm of which is not trapped at art study area, politics, economic or sociology in is separated.

Second, second condition provided by postmodernisms colorings cultural product and also intellectual discourse at last bill of century ke-20. This Postmodern Discourse demolishes party wall between low and high culture products which is foundation of modernist art, and last of tired, development of the structural posts theory assisting breaks interdisciplinary partition wall. This study in language Clifford Geertz is considered to be [by] mixing between discourses causing it’s (the labile discipline label and classification of genre.

Cultural Studies, A Finalities study?

Cultural study as trying to study answers paradigmatic crisis infecting present social sciences, of course like glassful water in the middle of intellectuals length starving for humaniora. Cockiness of body of science as the only objective knowledge building experiences big crisis, although before all, science have ever made all the discipline copes to get its(the legitimize.

Even now happened thing that is on the contrary, the happening of in perspective expansion of humaniora which during the time do not become its (the till region. If before all paradigm body of science in the form of scientific method become pentaskih truth of unique for all knowledge building, is that technique, physics, and chemical or economics, sociology, art and anthropology, hence now exactly concept humaniora like ” narrative”(4), ” representative”(5) and other discursive- interpretative models becoming equipment to read and verification of economics symptom, social, politics, even chemistry, physics and technical as ” teks”(6) as of eye.

Seems to met theorizing George Ritzer is region sociology region has a dumb dog and wide and broader of unique paradigm science from Thomas Kuhn. Science discipline [shall] no longer grow in marking with lines linear Normal science I-anomalies-crisis-revolution-Normal Science II, but peripatetic full of randomness in the form of leaps phenomenal which sometime do not be predicted before all.

But, again as a research model and study, culture study May not become thing final and claims x’self as a means of verification of new truth replacing scientific approach. Because at the time of that thing happened, hence in fact this study can be told suicide, because this culture study intrinsically is processing to find a paradigmatic answer to paradigm crisis knocking over social study’s till now.

 

Cultural Study till Region

In its(the book entitling Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies, Stuart Hall tells that there must be thing allowed the release of in cultural studies to differentiate it from other subject region. Thing allowed the release of by Hall(7) be bearings cultural studies with power problems and politics, with requirement of change will representation and from social batches pulled over, especially representation concerning clasp, gender and race ( even also age, disabled people, nationality, etcetera).

By using in perspective of this Hall, hence inferential that culture study is not neutral knowledge building, instead assumes that produce of knowledge building is action of politics. This thing results this study approximant of all knowledge region. Simply, culture study till region can be mapped to become three, follows mapping done by Melani Budianta, regional is:

a. Pos colonial-national-transnational

This classification becomes proxy out of three a period or challenging history phase and likely becomes compulsion to be passed by third world nations. When them has just seceded from colonialism, at the time of the same of they is in forcing to formulate national culture is middle [by] phenomenon transnational as result of globalization. This condition is challenging study region. For this study, takes example for example, Edward W. Said (8) with its (the Oriental’s, and Bennedict Anderson (9) in its (the Communities Imaginers.

b. Gender, Race and Ethnicities (10)

Arrangement of norm and behavior treated on the basis of gender difference (gender), Race and Ethnicities is processing history. All these had the character of cultural passed, woman magazines, belles-lettres, advertisement, television, and institution of state and also religion; this is interesting study for culture study. For example study Paul Gilroy analyses tradition of absolutism of etnis/religion and nationalism from various fiction texts, history, and a dusky skin figure of English and American.

C. art / culture Pop, Reader and Institution

This type culture study enriches art sociology and history of art in checking text bearing with systems which determine it’s (the existence (reproduction, pongee, author, reader, and critic). Push for example studies David Glover and Cora Caplan studying a number of assumptions is returned [by] criminal fiction genre.

A Small Part of Theory Bases

In doing analysis to its (the till region, cultural study applies some buildings the base theory. Starts from Theory culture Mathew Arnold comes up with the cultures theory postmodern as has been mentioned at second part of this article. Following mapping of the base theory of cultural rebuild till now. This mapping follows at what done by John Storey (11).

Firstly, Stream Arnoldian, this stream leans its (the analysis at the culture theory built by Mathew Arnold, where he (she tells that culture has some meanings, that is 1) that culture is a form of knowledge in the form of best idea and statement in world, an ability to know best, 2) cultural also is ism it as what which best, 3) culture is applying of mental and spiritual from last and best 4) beady becomes seeking of what which best. Compact of Kaum Arnoldian assumes that culture is effort to know best and business to make knowledge is of benefit to man.

With cultural understanding like this, the Arnoldian then maps that culture divided three based on public class embracing it, be class Barber ( aristocrat), class Philistine ( middle class) and class Populace ( worker class). So, cultural according to Arnold carefully will function to point aristocracy clasp and middle to follow evolution continuum line of man essence, meanwhile other function is culture must in bringing to worker clast to control them, because its (the diangap worker class having kecendrungan of anarchy its (the yang diangap menacing cultural existence and civilization. To civilize worker clast, hence children they must in sivilisation (taught) through education before they can be arranged (instruction). As mentioned in book Mathew Arnold is entitling Culture and Anarchy that “education is a way of culture”. Second, Leavisism Stream, this stream bases on FR. Leavis, QD. Leavis and Denis Thompon. This stream not too different far analysed it with the Arnoldian assuming that cultural crisis already happened on a large scale effect to grow it working class culture which is in the form of anarkhi, and maintain position of culture as best pernyatan, the Laevisis suggests “public? People… must be trained on how to differentiates and stays” from culture attack pop.

In implementing project is taking care of quality of culture, hence the Leavisis convinced of that this thing only be enabled if that done by group of minority, ” the culture always is looked after in a minority” and group of the minority is intellectual clan, a kind of the this Leavisis. They, the Leavisis analyses that already happened friction in culture, especially in language so that Leavis tells dalan its (the book Culture and Environment that ” Homework for reader was that impairment of this language not only word problem only, but s (he is impairment of emotional life and quality of life.”

Third, Third group telling that intellectual clan is culture custodian is side [by] the Arnoldian and Leavisis is group of America culture researcher represented by Andrew Ross, he (she tells that ” possibly for the first time in history of America, intellectual as a group social, has opportunity to realize their/his self as culture agent, morale and leadership of national politics”.

Ross identifies that seriously already happened venomous debate between three positions which at the opposite between American intellectual clans in floodlighting culture problem, that is 1) Liberal Aesthetic Position ruing the fact about population majority choice choosing text and practice of storey culture two and three (culture rendah/budaya massa/budaya pop), and this group prefer to at text and practice of high culture. 2) Position of liberal corporate or progressive evolutions expressing that culture pop implements soft function to socialize people at hobby of consumption at capitalist public baru-konsumeris, and 3) Posisi or socialist seeing mass culture as one forming or medium to control social.

Fourth, the Kulturalisme - Structuralism - Post Structuralism. 1) The Kulturalisme (12) in culture represented by group of The Birmingham Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies, for example Raymond Williams, Richard Hoggart and EP. Thompson, more having paternally is cultural historical materialism is exploration of culture in context condition of materials when s (he is in produce and consumed.

Simply Williams (13) tells that this cultural materialism analysis is analyzing to all form of denoting in condition and actual meaning when s (he is in producing. He (she then shows term-term which able to in using in investigating culture. Firstly, institutions producing artistry and culture. Second, education formations, movement, and faksi-faksi in produce of culture. Third, form of productions, including all it’s (the manifests. Fourth, identification and form of cultures, including specialty of culture products, purpose of his (its aesthetic. Fifth, reproduced it is on the way space and time. And sixth, way of it’s (the organization.

From way of this brisker found that the this Kulturalisme emphasizes that meaning is product from man ( as active agent, human agents) in context sejarah(14), meanwhile, the structuralism is more interests to talk about practice of denoting where meaning is product from predictable structure or regularities which located in outside man reach ( human agents).

In establishing bases his (its theory, the structuralism borrows linguistic analysis Ferdinand de Saussure developed by Levi Strauss in social region. If Kulturalisme emphasizes approach of diachronic to text, hence the Structuralize places forward approach synchronic. With analysis synchronic to language, hence the structuralize, copes stabilizes meaning by organizing meaning internally in posies binary.

Here point of attack compress the Pasco structuralizes (15) to structuralism, Derrida and Foucault convinces of that meaning is not stable, s (he always in process. Meant not only found in one words, sentence or one text, but s (he is in finding flows in the relation of between texts a condition of intertekstualis.

Fifth, Group Of Marxism, starts Marxisme Klasik, Sect Frankfurt, Althusserian, comes up with Hegemoni Cramscian also puts down theory bases for cultural study is being growing today. In The Eyes of Marx, culture pops at the most one of forming of superstructure ideology standing to economic infrastructure in the form of ownership of production factors. Fartherly, this approach bears mind from Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno that already happened mass culture industry yielding two culture products, that is culture uniformity, and uniformity of system as an unity and in all part of his(its, all the mass cultures alike and can be forecasted.

Meanwhile Althusserian for one of variant the theory Marx is more pointly weighs against its (the solution at in perspective of ideology. Louis Althusser(16) this variant thinker has two thesis’s about ideology sebagauimana written by Nuriani Juliastuti(17), that is; His(its first thesis telling that the ideology is representation from the relation of imaginary between individuals with condition of its(the reality existence.

Representation there non real relationship guiding individual existence, but imaginary relationship between individuals with a situation where they are life in it. Thesis secondly tells that representation of idea forming the ideology not only had existence spiritual, but also material existence. In both these it’s (the thesis’s, Althusser actually groans position of determinant owned by bases in determination of superstructure building.

Even, according to him, might possibly a superstructure building takes over kedududkan of bases and becomes determinant of all superstructure model is outside [by] it. This thing also have been in explains by Friederich Engels becoming eksplanator (penjelas) articles Karl Marx its (the sepeninggal Idea variant of Marxism which also many influencing culture analysis, borns from a thinker Sosialis Itali, Antonio Gramsci. With the it’s (the Hegemony theory, Grimace tells that in doing domination or domination, hence group of dominance mengunakan two ways that is aggression and hegemony. If aggression emphasizes strength approach of physical delivering birth open conflict, hence more opting hegemony limits conflict and its (the channels which ideologically safe.

The theory hegemony(18) shows a a real smooth domination building and domination, namunpun so, in last development, has emerged hegemony concept neo-grams Ian telling that conflict trying to in limiting and channeled by hegemony then borns in the form of dialectical between incorporations done by the side of pendominasi with resistance done by the predominated.

Sixth, laskap idea that is also many influencing this culture study is Feminism of denganberbagai kinds of its(the variant, starts from radical feminism, liberal Marxist and feminism come up with feminism of cangkeman ala Kris Budiman. This feminism variant then not expressly again can mapped like that dala memberika its (the pegaruh, even in perpective this instead shifts and [shall] no longer become a discourse exclusive wrestled by women.

Which more uppermost from feminism discourse influence colour in culture study is existence of effort to depict like does a feminist talk about culture, like does impact experienced by women by growing and the histories of culture pop. But one thing that is till now dirambah has not by feminism study that is discourse about maskulinity, a men study, though in culture study which interdisciplinary, anti discipliner, a-disiplinar even this pos discipliner, a kind of this study validated is just done by movement of feminism.

Seventh, Newest idea which many affecting at development of culture study is discourse postmodernism, this discourse many in terrorization by Jean-Francois Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard and Fredric Jameson. Lyotard his (it’s in perpective menitikberatkan at difference and plurality of all theoretical areas and discourse in energetic groans theory and method totals and universalism. Lyotard focussed x’self at function of narasi in discourse at scientific knowledge by suing mass of tantalum narasi truth.

Meanwhile, Baudrillard tells that present of we stay in world doesn’t have constrain that is clear is economic antarawilayah or produce of with ideology region and culture. This happened because image artifact, representation even psychical feeling and structure culturalized to become part of economics world. Man according to him enters a region which without clarity asal-usul, a region hyperrealists (19) which in produce of through process simulation (20).

Even we live in sign entwise that is is not is representation of reality it doesn’t matter, a situation simulacrum (21), where sign becomes reference for their/his self. Explanation of Baudrillard about simulacrum, in explaining farther by Jameson by trying to explains image of constitutive postmodernism. According to him, present postmodernism was cultural zed pasties, satisfaction game from historical insinuation. Condition of this pasties described as condition mixed with by parody, both entangling imitation(22) and mimikri(23), but its(the difference, parody usually still have motif hidden by it, meanwhile pasties was a ” zero parody” or ” copy of zero” which is not has meaning of something.

Contests for Poststructuralist

In development of cultural studies, hence biggest theory bases had an effect and in using in this domain is Kulturalisme, structuralism and poststructuralist. Kulturalisme (24) places forward empirical approach - a real emphasized in tradition Kulturalisme explores how man actively produces culture meanings.

This Kulturalisme gets hard criticism from the structuralism (25) which anti principled principled humanist and places that product man only from structure building which beyond man reach. Man in the eyes of the structuralism, only result of construction from the structure. The structuralism - as which in telling by Antariksa-lebih to interest to talk about practice of denoting where meaning is product from predictable structure or regularities which located in outside man reach (human agents).

Meanwhile, post structuralism by following dictum structuralism placing man as structure product, also sues organizational meaning internally in opposition of binary, this one means equal to telling that meaning haves the character of stable. Meanwhile in the eyes of the post structuralism, meaning is not stable as which in imagining, meaning always stays in process. Meaning is result of construction from the relation of between texts causing haves the character of intertekstualis. Meaning is not result out of one words, sentence or text having the character of special.

In angle of meaning delaying embraced by post this structuralism of direct contact with cultural studies. Discussion cultural studies placing forward study method which interdisciplinary, pass by quickly-, transbahkan anti-discipline, undoubtedly result (conclusion) always delayed. Because all result of studies only to be construction of certain viewpoint or discipline and is not guaranteed as according to other discipline.

In perspective of structuralism, cultural world today mastered by capitalism culture through process incorporation (26) and komodifikasi (27). This project works in globalization workroom and free market, causing can be witnessed how whole world and social space is inhaled [by] towards fist culture job (activity logic model which so called capitalism. Already happened cultural imperialism from west easterly.

But if in jelly, this condition if(when in floodlighting from in perspective of Kulturalisme, would in finding that victory of capitalism is illusion victory, because simply man have never been really can in mastering finely. Man has ability to do kreolisasi (28) and mimikri (29) so that kebudayan is bearing is not a cultural imperialism building but a heredity kebudayaan (30).

Contention of Conclusion happened between in perspective of Kulturalisme and structuralism, will find it’s (the estuary in discourse post structuralism. Discourse post structuralism push’s the conclusion bedlam domain media’s(31), in space this is happened interaction between symbols which would having synthesis and finds new expression.

This is space contest’s (32) where all kinds of paradigms, approach, viewpoint, in perceptive and conclusions in vendor and in offering to be menu to draw for clamourly contention noise of embosoming importance and power. Post structuralism opens contest’s space it’s (the selebar-lebar to all contestant without differentiating paradigmatic asal-usul. Arena contest’s is a sales arena, but sales which has experienced domestication.

 

1) Farther about The Birmingham Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies, sees Luna Lazuardi, Birmingham Centre. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 2, September 1999. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003

2) Amaradani, Cultural Studies, article. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 1, July 1999. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003

3) Sardar, Ziauddin and Borin Van Loon, Recognizes Cultural Studies For Beginners. Mizan. Bandung. October 2001. Cet. I. thing. 80

4) Circumstantial solution about discourse analysis, please see Ziauddin Sardar and Borin Van Loon, op. cit. thing. 14

5) Representation is concept having some understandings. He is processing social from ‘ representing’. He also product from social process “representing”. Representation refers either to process and also product from pemaknaan a sign. Representation also able to mean change process of ideology concepts which abstraction in forms which kongkret. To be more sharpness please sees Nuriani Juliastuti, Representation. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 4, March 2000. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003 also Ziauddin Sardar and Borin Van Loon, ibid. thing. 13

6) Sardar, Ziauddin and Borin Van Loon, ibid. thing. 12

7) Farther idea of Stuart Hall about Cultural Studies sees Ziauddin Sardar and Borin Van Loon, ibid. thing. 35-38

Lapis lazuli. Luna, Studi Kolonialisme. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 8, September 2000. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003 seeing also Ziauddin Sardar and Borin Van Loon, ibid. thing. 106-114

9) Juliastuti, Nuriani. Approach of Culture Ben Anderson. www.kunci.or.id, 18 Decembers 2003

10) Sardar. Ziauddin and Borin Van Loon, opcit. thing. 122-153

11) Storey, John. The Culture theory and Budaya Pop. Qalam. Yogyakarta. 2002. Cet. I

12) Antariksa. Kulturalisme Vs. Strukturalisme. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 6-7, Mei-juni 2000. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003

13) Antariksa, Raymond Williams. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 6-7, Mei-juni 2000. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003

14) Antariksa. loccit

15) Antariksa. ibid.

16) Filosof Prancis, life between 1918-1990, imports strukturalism into Marxisme in the effort making it a science ” science”. Farther about Louis Althusser, sees Nuriani Juliastuti. Louis Althusser. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 4, March 2000. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003 also Ziauddin Sardar and Borin Van Loon, opcit. thing. 44-47

17) Juliastuti. Nuriani. Thesis Althusser about ideology. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 4, March 2000. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003, also St. Sunardi, Semiotika Negativa, Canal. Yogyakarta. 2002. thing. 144-149

18) Hegemony is a term which in popularizing by Antonio Gramsci, Italian Communism Party Founder, what depicts that socialization of idea, value, and trust unforced from the top (of), not even grow by the way of free and do not in intending, but in negotiation through with refer to perjuampaan and collision ( collision which in intention is intellectual collision) between classs. Further, sees Ziauddin Sardar and Borin Van Loon, opcit. thing. 48-51

19) Hyper reality is reality that is not has reference or genesis. This hyper reality in creating through simulation process. To be more sharpness sees Ratna Noviani, A Middle Course Comprehends Advertisement. Student Book. Yogyakarta, Cet. I, Juli 2002. thing. 63-72

20) Simulation is processing proliferation in the form of creation of object ( reality models) in simulative, that is object which in constituting by reference that is is ill defined or real not of its (the. Simulation farther often in perhadap-hadapkan with representation concept. To be more sharpness sees Ratna Noviani, ibid. thing. 63-72

21) Simulakrum is space yielded by simulation process. This space contains illusion realitys ( hyperreality). Simulakrum x’self is duplication from duplication so that doesn’t figure in original reality or reference in its(the production process or reproduction. To be more sharpness sees Ratna Noviani, Ibid. thing. 63-72

22) Dummy is imitation effort or loaning a certain culture product by other culture community. Further seen Antariksa, Identitas Hibrida. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 8, September 2000. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003

23) Mimicry is concept submitted by Homi K. Bhaba to depict process peniruan/peminjaman various element of culture. According to him mimicry is not shows dependency of the colonized to colonized, dependency of colour people to white skin, but faker menikmati/bermain with ambivalence happened in process of dummy. This happened because mimicry always indicates meaning which ” imprecise” and ” misplacement”, s(he is dummy at the same time subversion. That way mimicry can be viewed as strategy to face domination. Further seen Antariksa, ibid.

24) Kulturalism is approach of culture emphasizing that meaning is product from man ( as active agent, human agents) in history context. Further seen, Antariksa, loccit.

25) Strukturalism can be traced again at masterpieces Emille Durkheim refusing assumption empirisis that knowledge is derivative directly from experience. Strukturalism recognized now is strukturalism of Ferdinand de Saussure and Levi-Strauss explaining that produce of meaning is effect from inmost structure from language, and culture haves the character of analogue with language structure, organizational internally in opposition of binary : black and white, baik-buruk, lelaki-perempuan. Further seen, Antariksa, loccit.

26) Incorporation refers to a social process where dominant class takes culture elements of subordinate class and applies it to strengthen status quo. Further, sees Antariksa, Inkorporasi/Komodifikasi. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 5, April 2000. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003

27) Komodifikasi is effort produces all something - including kesadaranmenjadi commoditys which able to in perjual-belikan. Further, sees Antariksa, ibid.

28) Kreolisation is a cultural process in the form of absorbtion of other culture elements, but practiced without considering its(the original meaning. Further, sees Antariksa, loccit.

29) Sees footnote no 28

30) Culture hibridity is understanding that culture and identity always is meeting and mixing various kebudayan and different identity. Well established culture boundarys blurred and made to be unstable. Antariksa, loccit.

31) a culture space ( culture field) where all kinds of symbols from various culture identity backgrounds can be each other meet. Further, sees R. Kristiawan, Mediasi; Fact Post Hegemony. Loaded in newsletters KUNCI No. 8, September 2000. www.kunci.or.id, 15 Decembers 2003

32) Sees mediasi, a culture space ( culture field) where all kinds of symbols from various culture identity backgrounds can be each other meet and vends x’self as contestant who is having rights and obligations and the same cultural possibilities.

titah kasman by 4:08 GENERAL